During Turbulent flow, friction loss is a function of which of the following?

During Turbulent flow, friction loss is a function of which of the following?

• A. All of the above
• B. Roughness of hose lining
• C. Liquid Viscosity
• D. Velocity of water (GPM)

Answer: (A)

In turbulent flow, the friction loss comes from the turbulent shear near the pipe wall, and the rate of that energy loss is controlled by three interrelated factors. Roughness of the hose lining increases disturbances to the flow, making more turbulence and higher friction as the fluid rubs against a jagged surface. The speed of the water directly affects the shear and energy transfer; as velocity (and thus flow rate) goes up, friction losses rise nonlinearly. Viscosity, the fluid’s internal resistance to flow, influences the development of the turbulent core and the friction factor through Reynolds number, changing how the flow layers interact and how much energy is dissipated as heat. Since the friction factor in turbulent flow depends on relative roughness, Reynolds number, and flow velocity, all three influence friction loss.

In turbulent flow, the friction loss comes from the turbulent shear near the pipe wall, and the rate of that energy loss is controlled by three interrelated factors. Roughness of the hose lining increases disturbances to the flow, making more turbulence and higher friction as the fluid rubs against a jagged surface. The speed of the water directly affects the shear and energy transfer; as velocity (and thus flow rate) goes up, friction losses rise nonlinearly. Viscosity, the fluid’s internal resistance to flow, influences the development of the turbulent core and the friction factor through Reynolds number, changing how the flow layers interact and how much energy is dissipated as heat. Since the friction factor in turbulent flow depends on relative roughness, Reynolds number, and flow velocity, all three influence friction loss.